Genetics

1. Draw the structure of thymine.
2. What is the central dogma of life? State the functions of nucleotide.
3. Define replication of what is the enzyme of replication mentions their function.
4. What is the genetic code? What are the features of genetic code? mention types of mutations.
5. Draw and label RNA. Mention the difference among major types of RNA.
6. Define replication. What are its requirements? How the replication bubble is formed.
7. Describe the initiation step of translation. What is the post-translational modification?
8. What are the salient features of the structure of DNA? What is the difference between DNA and RNA?
9. What is the central dogma of life?
10. State the functions of nucleotide.
11. Mention the functions of the enzyme of replication.
12. What are the features of genetic code?
13. What is the genetic code?
14. Define transcription, Watson crick model of DNA.
15. What are the components of replication?
16. What is point mutations? Define southern and northern blotting. Mention their applications.
17. Mention the type of mutation. Cause of mutations.
18. Define transcription.
19. State the significance of reverse transcription.
20. What is the pre translational and post-translational modification?
21. SN: i) DNA library ii) recombinant DNA.
22. Draw and label tRNA.
23. Mention the difference between three major types of RNA.
24. Describe the initiation step of translation.
25. Mention the salient features of DNA with a diagram.
26. What are the differences between DNA AND RNA?
27. Define codons and anticodons.
28. Name the initiation and termination codons.
29. What are the requirements of translation?
30. Define mutations. Mention the consequence of mutations.
31. What is recombinant DNA technology? State the importance and step of PCR.
32. Mention the functions of each arm of tRNA.
33. What are the regulatory sequences of transcription? Mention their location and function.
34. Write in short about the termination steps of transcription.
35. What is the difference between purines and pyrimidine? Mention the metabolic derangement in insulins' lack.
36. What is the nucleosome DNA repairing mechanism?
37. How DNA is organized in the chromosome.
38. Give the difference between PCR and biological cloning.
39. Write in short about salvage pathways of purine nucleotide.
40. Difference between genome and chromosome.
41. Compare different forms of DNA short note: PCR.
42. Mention the steps of DNA replication
43. State the Mandel’s law of inheritance.
44. Give the basic chemistry of nucleic acid. Define gene and genome.
45. What is the transcription unit?
46. Write the steps of insulin biosynthesis. Mention its deficiency effect on lipids metabolism.
47. What is the type of RNA polymerase? Mention their function
48. Difference between i) replication and transcription ii) genetic code and codon iii) sense codon and nonsense codon iv) point and frameshift mutations
49. Define gene. What is it’s regulatory sequences? Mention their location. What is RELP?
50. Define translation. What are the requirements of translation?
51. What do you mean by telomeres DNA fingerprinting?
52. Define translation.
53.  Draw and label cycle with the function of each phase.
54. State the difference between DNA AND RNA synthesis.
55. Explain the wobble hypothesis. Why replication is a caned semi-conservative process.
56. What are the steps of protein synthesis? Classification of RNA and function.
57. Post-transcriptional modification of Eukaryotes
58. What are the processes of amplification of DNA fragments?
59. Type of RNA with their function.

Endocrinology

1. Define hormones.
2. Classify hormones with examples.
3. Function of aldosterone
4. The function of cortisol.
5. What is thyroid function tests?
6. Describe the mechanism of action of glucagon.
7. Write the indication, preparation of patients and procedures of OGTT.
8. Mention the metabolic function of the thyroid hormone.
9. How TSH influences the increased synthesis of thyroid hormone.
10. Write down the functions of insulin.
11. Write down the mechanism of action of protein hormones.
12. Discuss in short the synthesis thyroxin.
13. Explain the biosynthesis of insulin.
14. What are thyroid hormone disorders?
15. What are the difference between dwarfism and cretinism?
16. How G protein-like receptor-activated?
17. Name the diabetogenic and anti-diabetogenic hormones.
18. Mention the consequence of insulin deficiency in CHO and fat metabolism.
19. Mention the hormonal control of calcium homeostasis.
20. Why tetany occurs in alkalosis
21. Name the glucocorticoid.
22. Discuss in short the role of insulin in fatty acids and proper metabolism.
23. The function of ADH.
24. Enumerate the thyroid function tests.
25. Enumerate the ketogenic hormones.
26. How the thyroid hormone acts.
27. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones.
28. Biosynthesis of urine. Hormones Essential for Life.
29. Name the biochemical aspect of tetany.
30. Interpret the results of OGTT.
31. Mention the form of blood Ca++.
32. Name the hormones of the pancreas.
33. Mention the effect of cortisol on inflammation
34. SN: i) Addison disease ii) pituitary diabetes iii) adrenal insufficiency iv) Cushing syndrome v) dwarfism vi) SI units.
35. What is SI units? How solutions concentration can be expressed? Calculate molarity and osmolarity?.
36. Mechanism of action of steroid hormones.
37. Hormones adrenal gland.

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